Monday, May 19, 2014

Home again! Maryland April-May 2014

April 16, 2014

The plane touched down at BWI airport at midnight, kicking off a month jam packed with good times, friends, and family.

Between baseball and beer, festivals and feasts, flowers and jazz and dancing in the kitchen, green leaf buds and the spring unfurled.



Wednesday, May 7, 2014

Red Sky at Night - April 2014

It's my last night in Trinidad, and I can't sleep worth a damn. Chigger bites itching like mad and a head full of thoughts drove me outside, where I am watching the "blood moon" lunar eclipse.

12:53am on the dot, the top of the moon took on a ruddy glow. Sitting out here on the back patio, the frogs and insects are noisy, and small insectivorous bats are hunting. I'm reflecting on my time in Trinidad, thinking of things to come, and watching the blood moon eclipse. I can’t help but think of the old sailor’s adage- “red sky at night, sailor’s delight.” I know this isn’t the kind of red sky they meant, but in the early morning hours at the end of a great adventure, it feels like a good omen.

I have more stories to tell after landing back in the States tomorrow, but for now, I just want to say thanks for reading along.

Signing off from Trinidad,

Karen 

Snakes on a Trail - April 2014

"Whoa that's a fer de lance!"

Four of our party of seven have just stepped over a small mottled brown snake, unawares. K- seems to have stepped on his tail, and the tiny serpent is hopping mad, coiled among the leaves. I stop on a dime and quickly back up, calling the alarm. The Guppy line freezes, everyone turning to look at the snake. Profanity from the hikers who have just passed over the fangs colors the air. The fer de lance is encouraged to exit the trail with a long poled fishing net, and gracelessly acquiesces. Uneasily, the rest of us pass by.

It's the right season to see them out during the day, but this was our first live fer de lance sighting this year. Several hours later, a second snake is spotted in the foliage, but quickly vanishes. Not twenty minutes later, a big yellow and black snake is sighted. This one, known to not be venomous, has our resident herpers chasing it down with glee. Unluckily for everyone, they chase it into a long narrow gulch through which we usually wade hip-deep.

"Nuh uh," I say, and scramble over the high rocky embankment above the water, followed by the less snake inclined of our party.

Everyone kept hawk eyes peeled for snakes as we head back out of the woods. The three snake day turns into four as a long body flashes away from the truck on our drive home. So snake season was inaugurated.

Paying attention during our next hike, the jungle visually less interesting as we stare at our feet. The topic is all snakes and snake stories, first hand, third hand, boogie man.

"It's crazy we're seeing so many now."
"'Tis the season."
"Fa la la la la, la snake snake snake."
"Fer de lance."
"Ha ha, very funny."
"No really. Fer de lance. Right there."

There are only four venomous snakes in Trinidad: two small brightly colored coral snakes,  and two pit vipers: the massive bush master, and the fer de lance - picture a rainforest rattlesnake. Sure enough, there is another juvenile fer de lance blocking the trail home. This time when we try to shoo him away, the snake climbs a plant and hangs out at belt height. Curled around the stalk, he won't budge. Keeping a hawk eye on the snake and turning pack side to the fangs, we sidle past, one by one, breathing a sigh of held breath as we make it through the gauntlet. Only another twenty minutes up the hill to the truck.

We smell and hear another snake toward the top of the trail where the Canadians saw a big fer de lance a few days before, but happily it slithers away from the sound of our tromping arrival.

Speaking of Team Canada, they had quite the snake adventure. They had some night sampling to do at the C- focal site. Hiking down in the dark, the first night was blessedly snake free. The second night, they saw a fer de lance as tall as M-, the tallest Canadian, nearly six feet. In fact, they saw five. Maple syrup must make you made of stern stuff, because they finished their sampling in the midst of the vipers. Me, I'm quite glad I was asleep.


We see plenty squished snakes on the road these days, and they are still frequently spotted on the trail. Before I finish my stay here, M- and I are sewing up, patching, and fixing the protective paneling in the snake gaiters. May never a Guppster be stung.

Sea Turtles by Starlight - March 2014


I woke in a hammock at Grand Tacaribe. I snuck barefoot past rows of cocooned sleepers, five camping hammocks zipped shut and one hanging open. J- and I are early risers, and I found her already on the beach. Pausing to drink in the sunrise, my feet were immediately swarmed by sandflies. Finding safety atop rocks jutting above the low tide line, I watched a white boat bobbing against the green blue of the sea.


The beach day passed in sand and sunscreen, swimming and calzones cooked over a fire. Finding leatherback sea turtle tracks on the beach, we vowed to return to the beach after dark.

(Leatherback sea turtle tracks)

Afternoon turned to Frisbee, until at last sunset chased us out of the waves back up the hill to tend the "Trini pot" – saltfish and bodi, okra and tomatoes and spices simmering over a driftwood fire. We fed the fire and passed the rum and conversation became punctuated by song. At last the bodi was cooked and Ramen was added to the pot. Plastic bowls and old yogurt containers with mismatched utensils sufficed, and we feasted until the pot was low. Full, we rallied to hike down to look for sea turtles. A huge moon hung promisingly in the sky, summoning sea turtles with the tide. 

Just as we gained the beach trailhead, G- came running back up shouting, “Sea turtle in the surf!” Skidding and scampering down the slick steep trail, I saw necrotizing spiders and and ant armies whizz by. As soon as my feet hit the beach, my flashlight went off and I ran west, sand flying. Three quarters of the beach down, I spotted a dark shape in the water. A wave lapped the beach and the rock swept forward. Green light flashed as the sea turtle lifted, her eyes eerily reflecting the moonlight.

We gathered on the sand, between the rainforest, sea and stars, watching the sea turtle’s slow progress onto the sand.

After an eternity, she ceased crawling and dug a deep well, well below the high tide line. Her nest filled with water, thankfully before she laid her eggs. Giving up on this spot, too close to the water, she lumbered in an awkward circle and ponderously returned to the waves.

Later that night, I woke hearing nature's call. Since I was up anyway, I returned to the beach. Walking the moonlit sand, the full gentle roar of the sea filled my head like champagne, already lifted on heady starlight. As I returned to the base of the trail, a huge shape caught my eye. A leatherback mother was slapping her flippers against the sand, packing the surface of her nest, this one dug well above the waterline.

I froze, delighted. She began lumbering to the water and I followed behind, stepping in the surf after her. As the waves crashed around her body and my knees, she lifted her head and looked straight at me. I was awed, and suddenly very aware of a beak the size of a Yorkie attached to a turtle on the cusp of extreme mobility. I backed off and watched her disappear into the dark Caribbean sea. 

Grand Tacaribe - March 2014

It was a three day jungle adventure to the sea. We drove a dusty pickup truck from the Guppy house, the cab full of seven Guppsters in stained field clothes and flip flops, the bed laden with field packs, snake gators, and hiking boots. We were looking for C-, his wife K-, and their children. We were hoping to begin our trek across their land. The kids popped over the railing of their house, a work of precise carpentry crafted from fire-resistant hardwood. Swinging in a colorful hammock on the open porch, they gave quintessentially Trini directions to where we could find their father.

“You go up so, then on so, then left at the river. Well, first you cross the river, and then go left, then down the hill, and then you go so!”

Each “So!” is emphatic, and accompanied by a hand gesture that you could probably interpret if you’d lived on this island all your life. Since the degree to which such directions are incomprehensible to a bunch of Americans, we agreed with polite interest until the litany ended. G- stayed for a while to play basketball with the kids, rebounding the ball and all six feet of him lifting them to dunk.

Not even attempting to follow the directions, we drove back to P- Road and began our hike. Starting as a wide paved dirt road, a highway for butterflies, the flat quickly gave way to a jungle path wound around the sides of the mountains like a band of brown ribbon. We hiked with open eyes and open hands and open mouths, chattering and passing water bottles and enjoying the greenery, not unlike the hikes to work but easier going and as yet unseen. A coral snake on the trail caused startled excitement, the small serpent's red and black stripes announcing a neurotoxin, fatal if only the tiny teeth at the back of a Sharpie-sized throat could break the skin.


We hiked on into the jungle. Boots began to wear on skin, but attitudes remained unblistered. Conversation began to center around the great distance remaining to lunch. The ribbon of trail wound again, and with a sudden roar the sound of the ocean rose through the trees.

We gained the trail to P- Falls and deviated from our course to the sea, hiking above the bank of a shallow stream. Jumping from the last ledge, the water fell dead ahead, beautiful and welcome. Packs were dropped and shoes were shed, and we jumped in. Cold water washed away the heat of the hike. Afternoon waned and bellies called, we broke for lunch, perching on the highest rocks, refugees from the armies of ants searching for tender morsels of lunch and flesh.


From the falls, we quickly gained the sea. The sight of tropical blue lifted our hearts – it is lovely to behold the Caribbean, doubly so when your journey’s end is near. Pah! If only we knew how far it would be. But no matter, for then the sun still shone and the sand squelched amusingly under our heavy-treaded boots, lunch was still bright in our bellies and the afternoon seemed young. The trail grew strenuous. We joked about our ragged edged breath, talking and laughing between stretches of quiet. The way wound on and off the beaches, up into the jungle, dropping on to the sand before climbing back into the rainforest again. We passed occasional dwellings, some like old tree forts, others little more than tarpaulin and faded rope.


Gaining a bluff with a killer view of the sea, G- triumphantly cried "The coconut grove!" Thirsty and tired, we drew cutlasses and chopped coconuts, drinking the sweet water and feasting on white coconut jelly. Some of the ripest coconuts fizzed like champagne, younger nuts gave a smooth sweet water. The grove rehydrated seven hikers and filled us with a view of the sea. Little did the rest of us know that G- was bluffing when he said, “Not much farther now. Maybe another hour or so.”


Day turned to night as we wound in and out of the jungle. Stretches on the beach were bright in the afternoon light, but stretches through the trees were deeply dark and dusky. The light grew faint and dark shadows gathered around leaves and fallen logs, and we armed ourselves with lights against the night. Resuming a now weary pace, a string of headlamps and flashlights pressed on up and down the mountains.

We kept the tiredness at bay putting one foot in front of the other and calling occasional encouragement to each other in the pitch black. J- snorted laughter and said,

“You know how some people complain hiking is just moving forward staring at the ground? This is the epitome of that. All I can see is the spot right in front of me. There could be a T-Rex with an astronaut in his mouth right next to the trail and we’d have no idea.”

This got a laugh, but quiet fell again. We concentrated on breathing and not falling off the cliffs in places where washouts made the trail scant inches wide. Habitually, we pause as a troupe whenever there's an interesting bug or plant or bird – usually G- can call the land bugs, J- the water bugs, J- can name the plants, and I can identify the birds. So when the frontrunner spotted a huge interesting spider we gathered round, interest quickening our flagging energy.

“Ohh, yeah,” G- said. “I know this spider.” He gave it a name I didn’t recognize. “A girl got bitten by one of those and a chunk of her finger necrotized.”

“Necrotizing spiders! Let’s move on, shall we!?”

We fell rapidly back into line and moved on at a good clip. Soon, though, glittering diamonds strewn all about the trail told us that this was a nocturnal species, and there was no getting past them. So watching were we placed our boots, grateful for the snake gators, we kept going. The dark livened insect activity, and we shared the very narrow trail with a line of red ants. A bellow came from the back of the line “KEEP MOVING!”

Constellations and moonrise illuminated the stretches of sand, and weariness set in earnest. We dropped onto a beach, much like the remote sands we’d been crossing for hours, but this time a name was spoken – Petite Tacaribe. This should be the last beach before Grand Tacaribe, though more jungle lay still in our way. The dwellings here were more permanent, large wood structures. Stone stairs carved in long winding paths down to the sea.

Grand Tacaribe! We had arrived. Crossing the whole length of the sand, G- ran ahead with a light to find the trailhead to our beach camp. A sheer hill rose before us, full of rocky roots and necrotizing spiders glittering eyes, but this time the trail rose straight up. At the top, we spilled out onto a level semi-cleared area around a big half-enclosed wood platform, roofed walls on stilts. The slats between the walls invited stringing hammocks. With a cheer we dropped our gear on the benches and split into teams, hanging hammocks and kicking up a fire for dinner, pasta salad made at home the night before and silver turtle hotdogs cooked over the fire.

Camp was up and running by a cheery blaze in a blink, fire burning in an open air clay oven by the open doorway. A freshwater mountain stream, clear water clean enough to drink fountained from a thin length of PVC pipe, serving as a spigot to fill our water vessels and a chilly open air shower. Nothing could keep us from the beach, and as soon as dinner was done, we headed down the steep hill to the sands of Grand Tacaribe. Swimming by moonlight, the white crests of the waves reflected brightly on the dark water, the sands hardly darker than a cloudy afternoon. Orion hung overhead, keeping watch, as we looked north over the warm Caribbean sea.

Caroni Swamp - March 2014

A small motor boat slowly cruises through dense mangrove swamp. Brackish waters part around the bow, and the sound of the engine cuts the quiet evening air. A young Trini man in a staff t-shirt and faded shorts pulls the boat to the left bank, barnacles showing on the twisted roots to the high tide line. He has spotted something unnoticed by the boat passengers, old English and American birdwatching couples and a few Guppsters.

We are in the Caroni Swamp, a Mecca for nature lovers the world over, famous for the scarlet ibis that flock in nightly to roost. But there are other sights to see before the sun sets, and D- has just pulled the boat over, walked on the gunwale, and plucked a large crab off of the thin bole of a mangrove tree. Suddenly we see that the tree is crawling with crabs, and several are passed around the boat. The crustaceans are flustered but unharmed, and returned to their tree. Soon D- idles the engine again, pointing. A silky anteater, an animal I had hardly dared to hope to see, is sleeping in the crook of a high branch. Delighted, I swing my binoculars up, zooming in on a tawny fuzz ball the size of a young house cat, limbs pretzeled around a fluffy belly to form a perfect sphere. The silky anteater sleeps away, undisturbed by the flurry of, "Ooh where!?" and "Oh yes now I see it! Here, have a look!" exclamations its nap provokes.

We motor on, and shortly see a flash of red through the trees. The first of the ibis are here. A mid-sized bird, roughly the size of a blue heron with a long decurved bill, the extract their feather color from a diet heavy in crustaceans. Through the dimming light below the jungle canopy, they flash brilliant red against the dark wet green. These are the forerunners of the flock, and we motor on.

(Silky anteater, dead center)

Clearing the narrow mangrove waterway, we motor out into a lake ringed by mountains. Avid birders and boat guide alike point out species of sand piper and herons, tricolors, little blues, black and white capped night herons, the odd great egret masquerading with juvenile herons who haven't yet come into their colors.

In a wave they appear, the first ibis flapping through the sunset sky in a narrow V formation, ebbing and flowing with the wind. They drop low over the water, moving fluidly together. "It's like fire flying," an awed voice behind me says, and he is right. Suddenly I see the flock as though they have been breathed out of the mouth of a water dragon. Billowing and racing, they cross the calm waves, coming to roost on a tiny island in the lake. More flocks arrive from all directions, five, ten, twenty at a time. They settle into the trees, appearing as bright as red Christmas balls on the evergreen island jungle.

We stay and watch until sun has fallen and the night grows dusky. The engine turns over and D- pilots back to the mouth of the mangrove trail. Birds and bats cross paths overhead as day gives way to mangrove night.

Jungle Running

There is a movie, I think, where a fairy or a dryad is running through a forest or a jungle. In her footfalls, a momentary light lingers, glowing before it fades away.

I've been two months now in the tropics, hiking trails that would be considered, by most metrics, strenuous. They are beautiful, and there are easy stretches, but they include elements that could not be steeper without being climbing, places where it helps to grab trees and roots, and long stretches through running water over variable and slippery rocks. There are six of us, of different heights, shoe sizes, and walking styles but similar in fitness, who easily keep pace with one another. We hike in single file; it's easier to keep a narrow path worn.

I learned to gauge the color of slippery rock surfaces, the depths of the stream beds, which tree falls are stable, which are rotted clean through. I realized, even though we all walk the same trails, sometimes literally in each other's footsteps, we each see different paths, suited according to our balance, the length of our stride and the strength in our legs. I felt as though I could see six strings of lights, footfalls picked out in the jungle glowing and then fading away.

As we have progressed, together as a team and individuals, our collective and personal confidence has increased. Now for fun sometimes and for efficiency at others (someone's got to finish work and get back in time to to drink all those beers), racing daylight or darkness or each other, we go jungle running.

It's a fluid and dynamic feeling, leaping from root to rock, jumping down slick mud slides and hurdling small obstacles, delicately tap dancing across fine point rock surfaces sticking like blunted knives above the waters surface, skidding out on a clump of leaves and landing your next stride before you even have time to fall. It's a feeling of complete confidence not that you won't fall but that you certainly will, trusting your strength and balance to find the next footstep before your body hits the ground, a process of falling forward so quickly that you find yourself flying instead.


Something just caught my eye, pulling my attention out into the room- one of the bats roosting under our porch eves just flew through the common room, availing himself of the complete lack of screens or glass in the metalwork doors. I wish him great success hunting mosquitoes.

Tuesday, May 6, 2014

The Scientific Itch

There are many wonderful things about tropical field biology. Stunning views, amazing weather, incredible hikes, an overwhelming abundance of life everywhere.

There are also a few things that suck. Literally. At L- L- a few weeks ago I picked up my first-ever leech. It was a disgusting but short lived experience - I spotted it on my arm and managed to flick it off with a leaf while it was still head-walking around, trying to get comfortable. My fishing partner ran far away and made funny, funny jokes from a safe distance... and twenty minutes later he got the same leech! Funny, no harm done, case closed. Last week, however, we were all gardening and helping the Canadians set up a mesocosm by the stream behind the house. The chiggers must have been particularly bad; we all got raging cases- arms, legs, necks, bellies, all over. Both teams look like an epidemic of spectacular chicken pox went around.

The chigger bites have mostly healed over now, and work began a few days ago. The dry season population swell is beginning to show, and our last stream showed hundreds more fish than last month. Today we are releasing the L - L- guppies, and when we are done we're introducing new people to the Gorge.

It's time to go here; J- is making pancakes. The Canadians brought down maple syrup, and all is well with the world.

Vegetable Bones - March 2014

Every dish in Trinidad has bones. During the final lab day of this recap, one man went out to pick up roti lunch. After enough meals in Trinidad, I knew to expect ox and goat rotis, cow heel and ox tail soups, pan chicken and fish dishes all to have bones inside. I did not think to bite into a vegetable dish with caution. Imagine my surprise upon finding vegetable bones! My teeth met something wooden, with no give. The fruit around it was fleshy and sweet, sticky and fibrous, and well curried. Trinidad: love the food, chew with care.

A School of Researchers - Feb 2014

A professor from Oxford. A researcher with the NSF. A Barcelona native in the employ of France's national science institute. Principal investigators from California and Colorado, Canada and Scotland. What do they all have in common? The Trinidadian guppy. This week, the Guppy house is crawling with giants of evolutionary ecology, principal players gathered here to sharpen the cutting edge of science. Some of the players are mathematicians, pure theorists rousted from dusty chambers to swap chinos for Chacos. Others are tropical field ecologists at heart, more comfortable in technical fiber pants and holey t-shirts than anything else. These researchers have schooled here together, for the guppies, the data, and each other.

Gathered on porches and patios and living rooms, this team of individuals, gathered from their home countries and labs, collaborate here over Stag beer and bug bites, rocketing forward the pace of progress of their collective work beyond the potential of endless strings of email threads. For the interns and students working here, it's actually a lot of fun. The PIs are a raucous group of friends, welcoming to newcomers to the field and, many of them professors at heart and unable to turn off the tap, happy to talk and to teach.

As we Guppsters have teamed up to play host, they have teamed up to be excellent guests. We've been assisting and facilitating everything from being field hands to scrounging up enough chairs, explaining the inner workings of the apparently (but not actually) broken laundry machine, doing airport runs at ungodly hours and cooking up huge Trini dinners. They've been involving us in their projects and discussions, about matters of import and of fun, buying cases of beer and huge runs of groceries, taking a genuine interest in us, our work, and aspirations, as well as offering nightly seminars and discussions on basically anything we've shown an interest in. These evenings talks, after long days of working and lounging, after dinner and fueled by black tea and coffee, are delivered to an audience of professors and students. The speaker will scarcely get through a slide before another professor will pose some difficulty, rocketing off a discussion of topics in evolutionary ecology. For our part, some of it is instructive, much of it is directly about the research we are conducting here, and some of it is ringside seats to the amicable spear throwing of dissenting opinions in the thick of the field.

Before the first of these talks, we volunteered to cook dinner. The PIs, gathered around laptops and deep in discussion, gladly accepted. We convened in the kitchen and hashed out a plan: Tobago style bake (a yeasted fried bread), cold veggie pasta salad, and geera chicken, a traditional Trini dish we were schooled in making by our bush mechanic. 

Cooking geera chicken begins outdoors, with a cutlass, raw chicken, and a cutting block. After the bird has been hacked up, leaving spatter worthy of crime series TV, the chicken is brought inside and rinsed off. Cooking begins with sugar, heated until it browns and bubbles but stopped just before it blackens. Into the huge wok goes cooking oil, minced garlic, minced onion, salt, pepper, and "peppa," in this case "Gangsta peppa," which is what LA, our friend and supplier at the market, calls Scotch bonnet. And roasted geera, plenty of geera. It's not yet clear to me if there is a difference between geera and cumin other than semantics and packaging. The spices cook together and the oil becomes hot and rich, then in goes the bird. The chicken is cooked until the liquid cooks off and the seasoning begins to stick and blacken on the outsides of the cubes, and the geera chicken is done.

All six of us are in and out of the kitchen and garden, pulling the cooking herbs we know from the ground, chopping and sautéing and grabbing each other beers, hosing down the fresh produce and paring off thick skins, and generally horsing around. Aromas begin to float through the house and out into the afternoon - everyone always knows when any house in T- V- is cooking for a party.

It's about this time that we pull the Tania root off the gas range fire, the pan chock full of cooked root vegetable pulled not hours before from our garden and cooked with garlic, onion, olive oil, tossed with sliced carrots, ready to cool and go into the pasta salad. We've been sampling off each other's cutting boards and out of bowls for two hours now, and everyone is eager to try the cooked Tania. We chow down on a cube or three, nodding to each other. It's delicious, similar to a potato in texture but full of rich flavor.

"I feel like I just swallowed fiberglass," K- says calmly, checking his watch like the consummate ER professional he is back home.

This is followed by some good natured ribbing but we are concerned that K- might be having an allergic reaction. I am slightly worried we've cooked something which is not actually food, and experimentally pop a few more pieces in my mouth. Then I say something impolite, and grab the glass of amber liquid on the counter, which turns out to be K-‘s Jack Daniels on the rocks. This is not sufficient to remove the feeling of splinters of glass in my throat, and I down the rest of my Stag. This still does not alleviate the feeling, so I find the bottle of Jack in the freezer and reappropriate K-'s ice. Feeling somewhat better, and mildly intoxicated, I take the sautée pan. A- and J- are discussing if we cooked it wrong. K- is still checking his watch at calm intervals. I unceremoniously dump the contents of the pan into the trash.

There is a consensus that poisoning all of the PIs might be an excellent way to terminate our funding. I cook up another batch of sliced carrots quick as a flash and cool them in the freezer. J- finishes turning out layers of bake, and the geera chicken is done to a turn. Everyone feasts, eating and drinking and making merry on the porch, swapping stories, catching up, showing off the new and fun. F- brings out her iPad with the newest set of photos from camera traps set in the jungle north of us, which instigates actual jumping up and down from a collaborator who wants to do a study on the ocelots, to determine if the Trini cat is different than the mainland species.


After everyone has feasted and drunk, it's time to adjourn to the common room, just inside from the porch (in fact, a sleepier member of the party actually stays out to watch the talk from the hammock), and the lecture series begins.

Gardening in the Jungle - Feb 2014

It's mid afternoon. Sweat beads under colorful headwear as machetes clear another clump of overgrowth, and spiked stalks are uprooted with dirt covered gloves. Music plays from portable speakers blaring through the garden fence, a chickenwire affair turned brown and green with old pea plant vines, new pumpkin flowers and weeds. A heavy shovel thumps away as mud slicks are shaped into earthen stairs, and slowly we reclaim J-'s garden from the encroaching jungle.

The Guppy House doesn't so much back up the rainforest as T- V- is a small cluster of houses carved out of the rainforest which surrounds us. J-, who was a manager here for two years, put a garden in some time ago. In the months since his departure, the jungle made strong progress in reassimilating  the patch of horticultural domestication. After consecutive days of labor, the paths have been redefined, several banana trees have emerged, an apple sapling has been discovered, okra stems and plenty of dasheen stalks have been found. Places have been cleared to replant the green peas, more ocra, and whatever else our local experts think might grow.

This week the Guppy House, our quiet home on the hill in T- V-, has been hopping with activity. The Upper House, so called for being set twenty yards or so uphill, for months stood vacant, waiting for its revolving door of researchers to roll through. Dr. R-'s project, with its continuous data collection, has guppy interns (Guppsters) constantly keeping the Guppy House lights on. But this week, the upper house too is alive and crawling with PIs, grad students, professors and PhDs, all here looking at the fish, stream ecology, historic evolutionary ecology experiments in action, all the Trinidadian riparian system has to offer. Mostly, work and life here revolve around the Trinidadian guppy.

We've acquired some new friends in the mix - three students from the U- of V- will be staying on for three months, doing a series of stream ecology experiments, some in our backyard, some in our focal sites, some in other systems. We've already had the chance to assist them with a variety of projects. It's interesting to see other projects in action, comparing notes, looking at experiment design, swapping equipment recommendations and recipes. I'm hopeful that we are going to change to a different model of fish weighing scales, field tested here last week, and have acquired a top secret jerk chicken recipe field tested at our barbecue. Since we six Guppsters are on break between recaps, we have been free to dive headfirst into assisting with the visiting projects, seeing different field sites, talking science as we bounce around the terrible Trini roads in our beat up plucky muddy trucks, lending a hand with the fishing and sampling (at which we are now experts), showing the ropes of our lab and being shown new techniques. At the end of the day, any number of us can be found on mismatched furniture idly swatting at mosquitoes, sharing conversation, laundry soap, and stories.

"Oh, hey! Check out what I found!"
We are back in the garden, crowding around a huge muddy tuber A- has just turned up with a machete.
"What's that?"
"A Tania root. Blue food. It's sort of like a potato."
The Guppy house volunteered to cook everyone dinner, and we are excited to include the first product of Garden 2.0 in the meal we are feeding the visiting PIs.


Stay tuned for Part Two: in which we do not poison the PIs, though it's an uncomfortably near thing.

Fishing Day - Jan 2014



It's 730 am. You are crouched low over a mountain stream, the cool fresh water bubbling over many colored small stones in the stream bed. Your eyes flick carefully over the water, searching, two butterfly nets held at the ready in your outstretched arms. A hummingbird flutters in the bell of a large flower unnoticed overhead, and a blue butterfly the size of your open hands flies over the stream. A tropical bat hunts in daylight, circling over the water and snatching bugs from the air. You'll see these things in a minute though - right now you too are hunting.

Work is well underway. Each full period (one month) of data collection for the mark-recapture study, we fish out the complete population of guppies in designated sections of streams running down the mountains of Trinidad's northern range. We schedule a fishing day, a lab day, and a release day to return the guppies from exactly whence they came. On the fourth day we move on to and start fishing the next stream. Lather, rinse, repeat for all four focal streams. This is called the Recap.

There! Darting from the cover of a rock ledge a small guppy darts out into the open. Even now, after only a few days of fishing, you have a good guess that it's a female with a red tattoo mark on her back. You carefully swish the nets into place under the water.

“Gotcha!” Pulling the nets from the water, guppy caught inside, you are triumphant. Double checking the sex you put her in one of the two white five gallon buckets you and your fishing share, separating the fish by sex to cut out artificially introduced mating. A large leaf floating on the surface denotes the female bucket. You stretch out your shoulders, notice the hummingbird, bat, and butterfly with delight, and return your nets to the water. One down. Four hundred guppies to go.

There are six of you fishing in teams of two, steadily making your way riffle and pool down the length of the stream, working toward each other. Even with hundreds of guppies left to catch, you'll have time to relax together over peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and lay back on heavy hiking bags, empty now of medicated water bottles that will bear the fish back to the lab. Since you started out at sunrise and fished well all day, the hike up the trail to the truck and the drive home will be mid-afternoon and everyone will be home, neatly labeled guppies set up in tanks in the lab for the night, well before dark.

There's a lab day tomorrow to process the guppies and collect the data that will be sent back to U- C- R-, and eventually form up into patterns which will, hopefully, reveal something meaningful about evolution and ecology. Over the last decades, the data from Trinidad have been fruitful.

Tomorrow will be fun in its own way, indoors (if you can count a room filled with natural light through a wall of open windows "indoors"), but tonight you are done. Sitting around together on the open front porch on well-worn couches and hammocks, the guppy team feels good. 

Jungle Days - Feb 2014

I'm sitting out here in the hammock after learning to tattoo guppies and spending several hours in the lab practicing. I'm learning voluntarily, so it was just me working, but J- brought me out music on speakers and later fresh cooked dumplings. When I wrapped up, cleaned up, and came outside, I found two of the other Guppsters sitting on the porch with a guitar, working on composing a song. It actually sounds pretty good. This is the follow up to the Guppy House hit single "No More Hundred Free Minutes," about how the B-mobile cell phone service promotion ended and now K- can't spend hours a day on the phone with his girlfriend.

Also, if you buy a snowcone on the street from a bicycle drawn cart downtown, they pour over a rainbow of syrups, top it with sweetened condensed milk, and stick a straw in the whole thing.

I kinda love my life.

Road Crew and Soca - Feb 2014

The road we take to work is, in a word, dilapidated. It was constructed in hopes of settlement that never happened, and is now used by a few villagers, rampaging quarry trucks, and guppy researchers. Between quarry truck drivers losing pieces of their rocky load and the inexorable reclamation of every fertile inch of soil and air by the rainforest, the long and winding road is a first and second gear, four wheel drive and hold on to your hat affair.

The principal investigators are rolling through this month, collecting, doing some field work, keeping local professional partnerships growing, and enjoying the tropics. In preparation, we guppy interns launched a war on grime.  In clearing the garage, we found two bags of cement, and we knew exactly where to put them.

Once we'd finished work in the house, lab, and garage for the morning, we loaded up into the truck with buckets and shovels and our cement. We drove up the road to The Spot, the worst of the deep dark ditches that bump and jostle our trucks, sending unsecured passengers rocketing toward the ceiling and thumping everything about. Hauling with the buckets, the truck bed, and our arms, we packed the ditch, wielding a hammer to even out the new piece of road. We blasted soca music on a set of portable speakers. Soon, we had a nice looking patch, a neat tire track constructed through many feet of ditch. We mixed those concrete bags with dirt and mud and troweled it out with a broken piece of thick bamboo. Making short work of the project, we soon had a road patch cemented in place. Feeling quite satisfied with ourselves, we trucked back to the house.

This morning, all the prep work of the last few days done, I am having a hammock sort of day. I'm reading through the lending library of biology works collected here, the pages warped with seasons of humidity but the messages right at home. A bananaquit came to visit my breakfast bowl, picking out scraps of sweetness. A rustle distracted my attention as an irate mockingbird chased a small taigu away from a bush, pecking his long reptilian body fiercely. As the Tom and Jerry tableau reached the far side of the yard, an older taigu, who we call Stumpy for the tail regrowing from his break plate, sauntered into view, taking advantage of the yard cleared of reptilian rivals for his perusal.

Today may be quiet, but tonight will be filled with whistles and horns and drums; Trinidad is beginning to heat up for Carnival, and tonight A- is hosting the Soca Semifinals, which we will certainly attend.

Deet and Boot Screws - Feb 2014

Notes from the field:

Deet can burn holes in your clothes and make your ears peel. No matter how bad the flies and mosquitoes, spritz yourself down with Herbal Armor, wear a headscarf and sleeves, and leave the Deet sealed in a ziplock baggie in your pack in its own zippered compartment (it still seems to keep bugs off the pack).

The grip you get with boot screws is truly awesome.


Lab Day - Feb 2014

"I've got a four yellow, six red," G- says, looking through a microscope.

"Sexy," J- answers , looking at the data sheets and marking the number and letter code with a pencil.

I am making the last touch with a fine bristled paintbrush, splaying the caudal fin of a seventeen millimeter long guppy on a whiteboard. The fish is lined up with a ruler and a paper tag bearing information about the fish and the capture, like the placard in a mugshot. Looking down through the viewfinder of the digital camera mounted on a tripod, I make a final adjustment to the ruler and tag, framing them around the splayed fish. Clicking a remote, I snap the picture. This has taken only seconds, and I scoop the fish off the whiteboard with a plastic spoon (they find human skin abrasive), and plunk the guppy into the recovery tank. Submerged in fresh water, the effects of the anesthetic quickly wear off and the fish rights itself, swimming drunkenly and then straightening its course.

The guppy G- just held under the microscope to read a small tattoo color mark is now floating in an aqueous solution tared on a fine scale. "Sexy fish weighs... Oh-eight-two," he says. 

".082," J- repeats, filling in the data line for that guppy.

The second G- calls the weight I scoop the fish from the scale solution, remove the excess water, and place it on the whiteboard. She's a sexy fish, which means there's a note in the data sheet that we need a photo showing the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. I quickly "paint the fish," spreading the fins with the paintbrush. Lining up her mugshot, I take the picture and dunk the guppy into the recovery tank. G- has already read the marks on the next fish and J- is swooping a small net into the processing tank, pulling out the next guppies to go into the knock-out solution. G- puts the latest fish into the scale.

".892" he calls.

"Jesus, she's a shark!" J- jokes from the other line.

We are three in a row on two sides of folding white lab tables, sitting facing each other and wearing a comical assortment of pajamas, which are effective at keeping the heat and the mosquitoes at bay.  Two data people, two people calling marks and marking new fish, two people painting and photographing the fish. All told, each sedated guppy spends less than a few minutes moving down the line between processing tank and recovery tank. One line handles females, one line handles the males, and an air of friendly banter fills the air between data calling. It's a jumble of letter and numbers, jokes and jibs and song lyrics (we have a very equitable rotation through the speakers blasting from the kitchen, with a measure of group veto power). The lines are cooking and we process tank after tank. A hundred fish before lunch, two, three, four hundred or more fish in a day - as many as we caught in the field the day before.


A steady breeze blows through the open metalwork that replace glass window panes. The sounds of passing rain showers mix with the chatter of birds and the rustling of the lizards and toads who let themselves in and out of our field lab as they please. We fly along. Eventually conversation becomes more and more concerned with cooking, and we take a break for lunch, eating together out on the porch. We relax a while, then return to our stations (or trade places if we like, but everyone seems to have found their niche), processing the rest of the guppies and handling the data. Tomorrow will be a release day, and then it's back to fishing.


The Gorge - Feb 2014

The last fish swam free from a rectangular 2 liter Nalgene bottle, neatly labeled with orange tape. The tape stated precisely where to release the fish, captured from this very spot two days ago. The fish were processed and data recorded in the lab yesterday, and now the guppy population had been safely returned to the stream. Release days are far shorter than fishing or lab days; it was still early, with plenty of sunlight dappling through the canopy of enormous ferns and leaves, vines and trees: plenty of daylight left for adventure.

"Should we do the Gorge?"
"What's the gorge?" ask J- and I, the new girls, still only two weeks in to our time here.
"One of the best things you'll do in Trinidad," G- replies.
There is a short discussion about safety; it has been raining an unusual amount for the dry season, and water levels are a high. Deemed safe enough, we begin our trek.

Starting back up the trail toward the truck, we hike for a while, then take a turn downriver. Stashing our bags on the riverbank under huge hanging leaves, we load one pack with drinking water, granola bars, and pocket knives. This is not an adventure for lots of gear. K- carries a machete. I carry a coiled length of floating green rope. Splashing boots first into the stream, we wade, the water occasionally waist deep.


The entry to the Gorge is unmistakable. A huge pinkish quartz boulder is wedged between narrow dark rocks walls. The stream runs around and below and cascades over the boulder. This is it; the point of no return. G- walks right up to the top of the boulder and hops off. We go one at a time, J- capturing evidence with his waterproof camera. He jumps in to record from below. It's just A- and I left at the top. I step up and feel my heart quicken. It looks like a long way down to the pool of water below, where the water wells before streaming out into the long narrow gorge snaking beyond. I take a deep breath and jump.

Plunging feet first into cold water, the river closes over my head and I sink before bobbing back to the surface and kicking downstream. A- jumps behind me, and we all swim like wet rats in a line into the gorge, colorful bandanas and sleeves bobbing above the water. As the stream bed rises to meet our boots and falls away again, we wade and swim between high winding walls of stone and rock and muddy earth hard packed and held by greenery and roots, overhung with mosses and vines. We keep alert for fer de lance, the only poisonous snake we are likely to see in this part of the mountains. But mostly we laugh with delight and call jokes and songs to one another, filled with the feeling of this magical place.


The gorge is rife with life. The calling and twittering of tropical birds chases us through the forest floor as they sing in the trees above, while brilliant butterflies flutter overhead, ignoring these strange animals who look nothing like the fish and otters and crabs they know. The water itself feels alive too, carrying us along as we swim to speed it's winding way, wrapping around our ankles and knees and belts as its height waxes and wanes. It pushes us down natural rock slides, some so narrow we have to turn our hips to fit through. We scramble over boulders and tree falls, leap from ledges to ledge, and climb up stone walls where they impede our progress flowing with this stream, which is decidedly one way. We meet several further jumps, none so high as the first. During a long swim in a slow, wider part of the stream, J- climbs out and boulders up the left hand wall, finding new ledges to perch on and leap from, splashing back into the river. J- and I flip on our backs, floating with the current and staring starstruck at the tropical sky peeking through the trees above, throwing warm yellow light down between the high walls of the gorge. An enormous ancient tree has grown up here, roots thicker than my body wrapping the walls in an ancient embrace.


Turning to swim again, we make our way downstream until at last the water spills us out to a shallow beach. Dripping wet, water pouring from our boots, we wade onto land and, after some searching, pick up the overgrown trail again. Few people come out to "the bush"- it's us and the hunters who keep these trails open, boots and machetes claiming each footstep from the jungle that encroaches and swallows our footprints, daily growing over our tread.

Reaching the split in the trail we almost return to our packs. But... "Well, it's not too far..." G- and A- discuss. J- and I shrug happily. We don't know exactly what further adventure they have in mind, but if it is anything like the last, we're in!

Swimming back over a deep crossing, we head again into the heart of the jungle. Soon the riverbank narrows, and disappears. We walk upstream through shallow running water that laughes over the smooth-pebbled bed, brown and red stones flickering brightly through the sunlight water. The stream turns sharply uphill and the stone walls narrow to no more than a few feet apart. Climbing up over a big rock, stepping between the walls one at a time, we arrive at a deep pool, perhaps fifteen feet in diameter. Upstream, we see a small waterfall carving in a short s-shape in the rock.

The depth of the pool announces the history of this place. River right, the wall rises high and straight. From the side, an even rock face slopes steeply toward the top before it drops sheer away. Standing at the mouth of the pool, where the walls are cinched narrow, in single file we brace one foot on the wall behind, lift up out of the water and kick boldly forward onto the slope. Boot tread and sheer belief lever us over the stream and stick us to the slope. Hand over knee we climb up and soon can stand at the top. Teetering on a narrow ledge made slippery by rotting leaves and constant moisture, looking straight down at a well of clear water, it looks very far indeed.

"Cowabunga!" "Whooo!" "Aaaaaaaa!" We shout as we jump, calling encouragement to each other. One jump is not enough, and we swim back to scramble up and do it again.

At length afternoon begins to wane. We return to our packs, full of empty fish bottles, and begin the hike home.

Waterfalls and Fish Photos - Jan 2014

Taking advantage of the days before work begins, the six of us went to the A- waterfall. Parking off the road, we hiked ten minutes down a steep muddy trail covered with leaves and enough human debris to show that it's a local favorite. Today we had the waterfall to ourselves, swimming and chasing small fish with snorkel masks, bouldering up the short rock face and cannon balling back down to the swimming hole below. The water is tropical stream water, clear to about twelve feet, quick running and cool.


We stayed a few hours before hunger and thoughts of lunch set in. Driving in to town to the open air produce market, we met up with LA, who sells us most of our fresh produce. He's jovial and funny, quick to rib and joke. In the space of a few minutes he shared advice, recipes, cooking tips, and a jingle to go with the
sign tacked to the tree behind his stand which reads "The Comfort Zone - Stress Free." He laughed about finding the comfort zone in life, and how either "you're stress-free or the stress is free."


We arrived home starving - it was three thirty and no one had eaten since breakfast! We threw together a salad with fruits and citrus gathered on the hike and at the market, and started prepping a coconut curry. After lunch we laid about reading a while. As night drew darker the boys went out to pick up A-, who was rejoining the project. J- and I set up the projector, casting a movie against the wall.

Work starts in earnest tomorrow. We straightened up the lab, the guys who are continuing from last month prepped the compounds we'll use to medicate the fish in the field, and J- and I trained on guppy photography. The fish are placed to swim in an anesthetic solution. The unconscious guppy is scooped up with a white plastic spoon and laid out on a small white board. Their fins are splayed with a fine paintbrush for a digital mug shot, the guppy lying between a ruler and an ID tag. These were practice fish, unlucky guppies fated to feed the lab's carnivorous piscine residents. J- and I learned to photograph quickly and easily, not a single fish going belly up in the reviving tank. Tomorrow at 630am the truck leaves the Guppy House for our first full day of fishing.

It is a tropical paradise here. The company is grand, the bananas we macheted are hanging on the back door ripening, and life is good.


The Guppy House and Doubles- Jan 2014

The second week of January, 2014


I’m writing from the Guppy House, tucked in a small cluster of homes on the side of a tropical mountain. Sitting here in a bright blue woven hammock while colorful birds chatter, two bats nap under the eves, and a light breeze blows. The air is pleasantly humid, and the wind is cool, making a comfortable seventy or eighty degrees. The bugs aren't bothersome (it's the dry season baby!) but by night we sleep under mosquito nets. The house is huge and comfortable, made of old concrete walls and cavernous ceilings. Natural light streams in through constantly open doors and windows, and the lifestyle is diurnal to match.

We've had a few quiet days of adjustment before work begins in earnest tomorrow. J-, the other new girl, and I jumped right in… literally. Taking machetes (more often called cutlasses here) we hiked to one of our field sites to do some trail clearing, wading waist deep in chilly stream water. We hacked away fallen trees, green webs of vine and overgrown ferns. All around us the rainforest was thick with color and sound, birds and bright blue butterflies and biting insects fill the air. Sleeves and bug spray keeps most of the pests at bay. I am also experimenting with a botanical solution, cooking with scads of garlic.

That night we had our first Trini “lime," which is to say, drinking beer and hanging out. Beer here is mostly Carib and Stag. Both are watery, but after a hot day outside you wouldn't want it stronger. We started at P-'s, a local place where the neighborhood (loosely including us, when we drive the ten minutes down the mountain) goes to lime. From there we went to H- H-, our local bar, then in to town where the doubles stands vend fried bread filled with spicy mash. All you say is how many doubles you want, and say “slight, medium, or plenty,” for peppers. Slight is delicious. I’m no pansy, but I’d be afraid to bite into a plenty pepper double!


Sunday, May 4, 2014

December 2013 - Trinidad!

At a bar near the airport, saying Christmas goodbyes to family and friends and about to fly back to Texas, I received a phone call with great news. I'd been accepted for a research project in the rainforest on the island of Trinidad. 

Beyond delighted, feeling my dreams of going to grad school beginning to materialize and delighted to be heading back to the tropics, I flew back to finish the year in Texas with my heart soaring. 


Christmas at Home - Maryland 2013

I'm home for Christmas, hallelujah!

There was our traditional Santa Pizza making...



... and Christmas cookie baking. 




It even snowed!


We had a beautiful Christmas feast. As the song says, for the holidays there's no place like home sweet home.

Texas Update 13: Release!

[The following is from a personal email I sent about a summer raccoon release.]

Here are the photos from the raccoon release.

The property is gorgeous; running water, lots of trees and rock formations. A few of the raccoons bolted straight away, but most were reluctant to leave their crates. Once out, a few even ran back in! After everyone was out, some began to explore. The rest followed A- and I like ducklings, running in a row after us. We walked down the riverbank, and each time we doubled back to the truck more and more of the raccoons would peel away, distracted by the rocks and the river and things to explore, touching and tasting everything (and discovering that rocks are not delicious.) It was a relief to see them out of their crates and wading in a river. A few of the more timid kept running back to touch my shoe, each time scampering further and further away. Here's wishing them a future filled with trees and rivers, and no more dog food and shoes.




Texas Update 12: The Animal Personality Edition

Raccoons are all id. We have about a hundred of them now, and most of them are being bottle fed. This gives me plenty of time to observe their personalities. The tiny ones are like newborn puppies. They quickly grow into juveniles, and trouble. Feeding juvies remind me of frat boys, doing keg stands with the formula bottles, chugging with complete focus. They wrap their small furry bodies and highly tactile appendages around the bottles, drinking for all they're worth, all eagerness, frustration, and bliss.

I think humans find these masked fuzzballs so frustrating because raccoons are are much like us, young and old. Clever and handsy, mischievous and curious, they like to open things and touch everything. They prefer to shit in water, and can't resist sweets. They hate nothing so much as a closed door, but when left to their own devices will chose to be perfectly comfortable and lazy. 

One morning, we arrived at the hospital, before dawn as usual. Opening the door to a raccoon room, two cages were discovered open. An all-hands search gave quick result as the sun rose, peeking through the windows; the tiny escaped bandits were comfortably sacked out, having turned the window blinds into a hammock. 

Some, the older, wilder animals brought in with illness or injury, are ferocious. I'd sooner handle the cowardly coyotes any day than a feisty raccoon. Terrified, they act with furious reckless abandon. Without proper handling, they are a danger to us and themselves. 

They are playful and social, prone to bullying and easily bored. They are inventive with toys but prefer to make trouble. 

Texas Update 11: A Fawn Thing

There was a day when "the fawn," singular, brightened my day. Now there are sheds and yards and rooms full of them. An infection has begun to spread, their tiny bleating cries echo starvation from the inside out, and several of the staff are beginning to show an allergic reaction.

Texas Update 10: Earning Khaki

There is a khaki shirt ubiquitous in the animal field.

The color and fabric come with a particular implication, a few lines around the eyes and one by the mouth, a wiry set of muscles that aren't for show, knees that won't get sore no matter how many hours you stand, pants destroyed by bleach and tearing on cages and animal encounters, stained beyond repair and indelibly holding hay in the pockets. There are only so many times you can feed a screaming raccoon after dark or stuff a worm into a bird's tiny beak or slide a metal tube into a pigeon's throat and watch the tell-tale bulge letting you know you're in the right tube and not about to drown the bird in nutritious fluid, cut apart cold meat and put still-warm bodies into the freezer, seal fresh wounds and clean out others, net escaped birds and catch up animals who are panicking and animals who are just messing with you, before something works its way under your skin. It shows not exactly a glow like love or even a healthy tan, but something like a map on the skin, lines marking the miles.

Khaki is unflappable, calm and efficient, quick and brave. Khaki has time to talk to you even when running late, and never needs to run, although may for fun. Khaki is a color you earn.

Texas Update 9: Fun with Hotline Continues

There’s a wallaby on the loose in San Antonio. True story.

Next, a woman called in, admirably not panicking. She woke up with a big ol' juvi ‘possum sleeping next to her. He snuck in from the cold through a construction entrance, and thought her bed looked cozy!

Hotline wrapped up for the day, I transferred night phones to the hospital emergency line, and a friend and I went to pick up a fox in a box. Neither of us had had dinner, so we stopped on the road on the way to buy fresh kolaches. Arriving at the pickup site, we found a cardboard box perched on the edge of a sink, a heat pad plugged in underneath. The fox kit was so small, the people who brought him in thought he was a feline kitten. He did his level best to growl at us, fierce as a six inch long fox can be.


After we got back to the rescue, I still had 30 or so 5 gallon buckets from feed-out to scrub. And so, at 9 pm under a full sky of stars and rising tornado winds, I was out on a concrete slab with a hose, a jug of soap, and a huge stack of stained white buckets.

Texas Update 8: Stupid

April 2nd, 2013

Last week I had seven straight days working - a voluntary schedule change on my part to help out a friend and make a weekend work. The days were long and slam-packed. At 9 pm on the seventh day, exhausted and thinking about dinner and not taking precautions, I was bitten by a massive squirrel. Seriously pissed that I'd injected him, the squirrel sank long white teeth through my finger straight to the bone. Dripping blood on the floor, irritated I'd been so stupid, I cleaned out the wound, double checked his paperwork - no funky diseases, thank goodness - and took a dinner break. I put his syringe of sterile fluids on a heat pad before I left and let him cool off for a few hours. Later that night I enlisted help, clamping him down under two welding gloves and an iron grip, exposing two square inches of fur, for a coworker to deliver the shot. He didn't budge a squirrely wiggle because he couldn't. I left the gloves on top of his crate with a big "feisty" warning note.

Ten minutes later, I was bitten by a field mouse. Luckily, the teeny tiny teeth couldn't even puncture a latex glove. Definitely time for a break.


The weekend was wonderful. I am now rested, my reflexes are back up to speed, and I can bend my knuckle, which is no longer a funny shade of bruised greenish purple.